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Formaler Aufbau der Quantenmechanik
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====Zeitunabhängiger Hamiltonian==== In diesem Fall formale Lösung von (2.27) durch {{NumBlk|:| :<math>\left| \Psi \left( t \right) \right\rangle ={{e}^{-i\hat{H}\left( t-{{t}_{0}} \right)}}\left| \Psi \left( {{t}_{0}} \right) \right\rangle \quad ,\quad t>{{t}_{0}}</math> : |(2.28)|RawN=.}} als {{FB|Anfangswertproblem}} mit dem {{NumBlk|:| :<math>\hat{U}\left( t,{{t}_{0}} \right)={{e}^{i\hat{H}\left( t-{{t}_{0}} \right)}}\quad t>{{t}_{0}}</math> : |(2.29)|RawN=.}} Û ist unitär, <math>{{\hat{U}}^{-1}}={{\hat{U}}^{+}}</math>, denn <math>\hat{H}={{\hat{H}}^{+}}</math>ist selbstadjungiert Die {{FB|Zeitentwicklung}} :<math>\left| \Psi \left( t \right) \right\rangle =\hat{U}\left( t,{{t}_{0}} \right)\left| \Psi \left( {{t}_{0}} \right) \right\rangle </math> ist eine unitäre Transformation. Erwartungswerte von der Observabelen  :<math>{{\left\langle {\hat{A}} \right\rangle }_{0}}:={{\left\langle {\hat{A}} \right\rangle }_{\left| \Psi \left( 0 \right) \right\rangle }}=\left\langle \Psi \left( 0 \right)\,\left| \hat{A}\, \right|\,\Psi \left( 0 \right) \right\rangle </math> : zur Zeit <math>{{t}_{0}}=0</math> (<math>\left| \Psi \left( 0 \right) \right\rangle </math> normiert.) :<math>{{\left\langle {\hat{A}} \right\rangle }_{t}}:={{\left\langle {\hat{A}} \right\rangle }_{\left| \Psi \left( t \right) \right\rangle }}=\left\langle \Psi \left( t \right)\,\left| \hat{A}\, \right|\,\Psi \left( t \right) \right\rangle </math> : zur Zeit <math>{{t}_{0}}>0</math> Wir haben :<math>{{\left\langle {\hat{A}} \right\rangle }_{t}}=\left\langle \Psi \left( 0 \right){{e}^{\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}}\,\left| \hat{A}\, \right|\,{{e}^{-\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}}\Psi \left( 0 \right) \right\rangle =\left\langle \Psi \left( 0 \right)\,\underbrace{\left| {{e}^{\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}}\hat{A}{{e}^{-\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}} \right|}_{\tilde{A}}\,\Psi \left( 0 \right) \right\rangle </math> also {{NumBlk|:| :<math>\tilde{A}\left( t \right):={{e}^{-\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}}\hat{A}{{e}^{-\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}}</math> (Zeitentwicklung von Operator :<math>\hat{A}</math> im Heisenbergbild) | |RawN=.}} Bemerkung: <math>\text{Ket}\quad \hat{B}\left| \Psi \right\rangle \mapsto \left\langle \Psi \right|{{\hat{B}}^{+}}\quad \quad Bra</math> Skalarprodukt: Mathematiker: :<math>\left( \left| \Psi \right\rangle ,\left| \Phi \right\rangle \right)\equiv \left\langle \Psi | \Phi \right\rangle </math> :Physiker-Notation Es gibt also zwei <u>unitär Äquivalente</u> Arten der Zeitentwicklung # „{{FB|Schrödinger-Bild}}“ Operatoren <math>\hat{A}</math>fest, Zustände zeitabhängig # <math>\left| \Psi \left( t \right) \right\rangle =\hat{U}\left( t,{{t}_{0}} \right)\left| \Psi \left( {{t}_{0}} \right) \right\rangle </math> # # „{{FB|Heisenberg-Bild}}“ Zustand <math>\left| \Psi \left( {{t}_{0}} \right) \right\rangle </math>fest (Anfangszustand), Operatoren zeitabhängig<math>\hat{A}\left( t \right)={{\hat{U}}^{+}}\left( t,{{t}_{0}} \right)\hat{A}\hat{U}\left( t,{{t}_{0}} \right)</math> Im Heisenberg-Bild hat man die Bewegungsgleichung {{NumBlk|:|Heisenberg-Bewegungsgleichung{{FB|Bewegungsgleichung:Heisenberg}} :<math>{{d}_{t}}\hat{A}\left( t \right)=\mathfrak{i} \left[ \hat{H},\hat{A}\left( t \right) \right]</math> : |(2.31)|RawN=.}} Häufig schreibt man<math>{{\hat{A}}_{H}}\left( t \right)</math>, falls die Operatoren <math>\hat{A}</math>bereits im Schrödinger-Bild eine intrinsische Zeitabhängigkeit haben, z.B. durch zeitabhängige äußere Felder, d.h. {{NumBlk|:| :<math>\hat{A}=\hat{A}\left( t \right)\Rightarrow {{\left\langle {\hat{A}} \right\rangle }_{t}}=\left\langle \Psi \left( t \right)\,\underbrace{\left| \hat{A}\left( t \right)\, \right|}_{\text{Intrinsisch}}\,\Psi \left( t \right) \right\rangle =\left\langle \Psi \left( 0 \right)\,\underbrace{\left| {{e}^{\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}}\hat{A}{{e}^{-\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}} \right|}_{{{{\hat{A}}}_{H}}\left( t \right)}\,\Psi \left( 0 \right) \right\rangle </math> : |(2.32)|RawN=.}} so dass <font color="#3300CC">'''''(CHECK)'''''</FONT> {{NumBlk|:| :<math>{{d}_{t}}{{\hat{A}}_{H}}\left( t \right)=i\left[ \hat{H},\hat{A}\left( t \right) \right]+{{e}^{\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}}\underbrace{{{d}_{t}}\hat{A}\left( t \right)}_{\text{intrinsisch}}{{e}^{-\mathfrak{i} \hat{H}t}}</math> : |(2.33)|RawN=.}}
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